What are the layers of the superficial fascia of the abdomen?

The superficial fascia has a variable structure based on location. Above the ASIS line, it is a single layer. Below the ASIS line, it splits into two layers: Camper’s fascia (a superficial fatty layer) and Scarpa’s fascia (a deep membranous layer).

What is the clinical significance of Scarpa’s fascia?

Scarpa’s fascia is important in surgery and trauma. It forms a potential space for fluid accumulation, is used to anchor sutures, and in cases of urethral injury, urine can collect in the superficial perineal pouch and lower abdominal wall due to its connections.

Which nerves supply the skin of the anterior abdominal wall?

The skin is supplied by thoracic spinal nerves (T7–T12) and the first lumbar nerve (L1). These include anterior cutaneous branches (e.g., from intercostal and iliohypogastric nerves) and lateral cutaneous branches that descend over the iliac crest.

How do the cutaneous veins of the abdomen drain?

Venous drainage varies by region. Below the umbilicus, veins drain downward into the great saphenous vein and then to the inferior vena cava. Above the umbilicus, veins drain upward into the axillary vein and then to the superior vena cava. Paraumbilical veins around the umbilicus drain into the portal vein.

What is the clinical relevance of paraumbilical veins?

In conditions like portal hypertension, paraumbilical veins can become distended, leading to caput medusae—visible, radiating veins around the umbilicus. They also provide a collateral pathway for blood flow in caval obstructions.

How do lymphatics drain from the abdominal skin?

Lymph drainage is divided by the umbilicus. Above the umbilicus, lymph flows upward to axillary lymph nodes. Below the umbilicus, lymph flows downward to superficial inguinal lymph nodes. This pattern helps diagnose infections or malignancies based on swollen nodes.

What are the main cutaneous arteries of the abdomen?

The main arteries include anterior cutaneous arteries from the epigastric arteries, lateral cutaneous arteries from posterior intercostal arteries, and superficial inguinal arteries from the femoral artery, such as the superficial epigastric and circumflex iliac arteries.

Superficial Fascia of Abdomen – Camper’s & Scarpa’s

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