What is the embryological origin of the duodenum?

The duodenum has a dual origin. The proximal half (up to the common bile duct opening) develops from the foregut, while the distal half (below the bile duct opening) develops from the midgut.

How does the duodenum become retroperitoneal?

The duodenal loop shifts to the right side due to stomach rotation. Its mesentery (mesoduodenum) is absorbed by zygosis, making most of the duodenum retroperitoneal, except for a small portion near the pylorus called the duodenal cap.

What is recanalization of the duodenum?

Recanalization is the process where the initially occluded duodenal lumen is reopened after apoptosis occurs in the proliferating endodermal cells.

What is the blood supply to the duodenum?

The proximal duodenum (foregut derivative) is supplied by the celiac trunk, while the distal duodenum (midgut derivative) is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.

What causes duodenal atresia?

Duodenal atresia is caused by complete failure of recanalization, usually just distal to the hepatopancreatic ampulla. It presents with bilious vomiting shortly after birth and shows a "double bubble sign" on imaging.

What is the difference between duodenal stenosis and atresia?

Duodenal stenosis involves incomplete recanalization leading to a narrowed lumen and partial obstruction, while duodenal atresia is complete failure of recanalization resulting in no lumen and complete obstruction.

What is the clinical significance of the duodenal cap?

The duodenal cap is a small portion near the pylorus that retains its mesentery after development. It appears as a distinct structure on imaging and is clinically relevant for identifying anatomical landmarks and potential pathologies.

Duodenum Development – Rotation & Recanalization

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