What is the origin of the esophagus during embryonic development?

The esophagus develops from the foregut, specifically the part located between the pharynx and the stomach. It forms as the posterior part after the tracheoesophageal septum divides the foregut.

How does the esophagus elongate during development?

The esophagus elongates due to three key processes: formation of the neck, descent of the diaphragm, and descent of the heart and lungs. This growth allows it to reach its final length.

What are the tissue origins of the esophageal lining and musculature?

The lining epithelium is derived from endoderm of the foregut, while the surrounding musculature and connective tissue originate from splanchnic mesenchyme.

What is esophageal atresia and how does it occur?

Esophageal atresia is a congenital defect where the esophageal lumen fails to form properly, often due to incomplete recanalization. It is commonly associated with tracheoesophageal fistula and presents with symptoms like regurgitation after feeds.

What is tracheoesophageal fistula and what are its common features?

Tracheoesophageal fistula is a condition where the trachea and esophagus do not separate properly, often with the lower esophagus communicating with the trachea. It can cause choking and cyanosis in newborns, with air in the stomach being a diagnostic sign.

How does the muscular composition vary along the length of the esophagus?

The muscular composition changes from top to bottom: upper one-third is striated muscle, middle one-third is mixed striated and smooth muscle, and lower one-third is smooth muscle.

What is achalasia cardia and what causes it?

Achalasia cardia is a disorder where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax due to absence of ganglion cells in Auerbach’s plexus. It leads to difficulty swallowing and a characteristic "bird beak" appearance on imaging.

Esophagus Development – Tracheoesophageal Septum

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