What are the main derivatives of the midgut?

The midgut gives rise to most of the small and large intestines. Specifically, it forms the distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon.

What is the physiological umbilical hernia in midgut development?

During the 6th week of intrauterine life, rapid midgut elongation and liver enlargement cause the abdominal cavity to become too small. This forces the midgut to herniate through the umbilicus into the extraembryonic coelom, a normal temporary process.

How does the midgut rotate during development?

The herniated midgut undergoes a 270° anticlockwise rotation around the superior mesenteric artery. This rotation occurs in three stages, repositioning the prearterial and postarterial segments to form the adult intestinal layout.

What is Meckel's diverticulum and how does it relate to midgut development?

Meckel's diverticulum is a remnant of the vitelline duct, which connects the midgut to the yolk sac during development. It can cause clinical issues like ulceration, bleeding, or symptoms mimicking appendicitis.

What are some common rotation anomalies of the midgut?

Rotation anomalies include nonrotation (colon on left, small intestine on right), partial rotation (cecum lies subpylorically), and reversed rotation (colon lies posterior to duodenum and superior mesenteric artery).

How do the cecum and appendix develop from the midgut?

The cecum and appendix arise from a cecal bud in the postarterial segment of the midgut. The proximal part forms the cecum, while the distal part forms the appendix, with shape and position changes occurring after birth.

What is the difference between omphalocele and gastroschisis?

Omphalocele involves failure of midgut return with loops protruding through the umbilicus, covered by membranes. Gastroschisis is herniation through a lateral abdominal wall defect with no covering membrane.

Midgut Development – Herniation & Rotation

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