What is the difference between anterior and posterior in anatomical terms?

Anterior refers to the front of the body, while posterior refers to the back. These terms are used to describe the spatial position of structures relative to the body's orientation.

How do proximal and distal differ in anatomy, especially for limbs?

Proximal means closer to the trunk or point of attachment, and distal means farther away. For example, in the arm, the elbow is proximal to the wrist.

What are the main types of joint movements in anatomy?

Key joint movements include flexion/extension (decreasing or increasing joint angle), abduction/adduction (moving away from or toward the midline), and rotation (turning around an axis).

What is the difference between a nerve and a ganglion?

A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits signals. A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system.

What are the functions of superficial and deep fascia?

Superficial fascia is a fatty layer under the skin that provides insulation and cushioning. Deep fascia is dense connective tissue that surrounds muscles and other structures for support and compartmentalization.

How do arteries and veins differ in their roles in the circulatory system?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins return blood to the heart. Capillaries facilitate exchange between blood and tissues.

What are the key bony features and their functions?

Common bony features include foramen (a hole for nerves or vessels), condyle (a rounded projection for articulation), and crest (a ridge for muscle attachment).

What is the role of a tendon versus an aponeurosis in muscles?

A tendon is a cord-like structure that attaches muscle to bone. An aponeurosis is a flat, sheet-like fibrous tissue that serves a similar attachment function but over a broader area.

Anatomical Terminology – Essential Direction & Movement Terms

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