What are the main structural parts of a cell?

A typical cell has three key parts: the plasma membrane, which regulates transport and signaling; the nucleus, containing genetic material; and the cytoplasm, which houses organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes.

What is the difference between somatic cells and germ cells?

Somatic cells are diploid (46 chromosomes) and handle growth, maintenance, and regeneration. Germ cells are haploid (23 chromosomes) and form gametes like sperm or ovum for reproduction.

What are the key functions of mitochondria and ribosomes?

Mitochondria produce ATP, serving as the cell's powerhouse, especially in active cells. Ribosomes synthesize proteins and are found in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

How does mitosis differ from meiosis?

Mitosis divides diploid somatic cells into two identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair. Meiosis occurs in germ cells to produce four haploid gametes, reducing chromosome number for reproduction.

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

The cell cycle includes the G1 Phase for metabolite synthesis, S Phase for DNA replication, G2 Phase for error-checking, and M Phase for actual cell division.

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs. Chronic drug use can increase its proliferation, leading to drug tolerance.

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, meaning it passes from mother to offspring. Disorders like Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy follow this pattern of cytoplasmic inheritance.

The Cell – Organelles, Structure & Key Functions

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