What are the main factors that help with venous return in the lower limb?

Several mechanisms aid venous return: the calf muscle pump (especially the soleus muscle), arterial pulsations and valves in veins to ensure one-way flow, and respiratory suction and vis-a-tergo (cardiac and diaphragm effects).

What is the difference between superficial and deep veins in the lower limb?

Superficial veins, like the great and small saphenous veins, lie near the skin. Deep veins, such as the anterior/posterior tibial and femoral veins, accompany arteries and handle most blood return.

Where does the great saphenous vein start and end, and why is it clinically important?

It begins at the medial marginal vein, runs up the leg, and enters the femoral vein via the saphenous opening. Clinically, it's used for emergency IV access and coronary artery bypass grafts.

What are perforating veins, and what is their function?

Perforating veins connect superficial to deep veins, allowing blood to flow one-way into the deep system. Examples include Hunterian, Boyd's, and Cockett's perforators.

What causes varicose veins in the lower limb?

Varicose veins result from valve incompetency in perforating veins or at the saphenofemoral junction, leading to reversed blood flow and vein dilation.

Why is the soleus muscle a common site for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

The soleus contains sinuses that lack valves, making it prone to blood stasis and thrombosis, especially in immobilized patients.

What clinical tests assess venous valve competence in the lower limb?

The Trendelenburg test checks valve function at the saphenofemoral and perforator levels, while the Perthes' test evaluates deep venous patency and perforator function.

Lower Limb Veins – Saphenous System & DVT

❓ Frequently Asked Questions