What are the main functions of the testis?

The testis performs two key functions: sperm production (spermatogenesis) and testosterone secretion, which drives male secondary sexual characteristics.

How is the testis positioned in the scrotum?

It is suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord, with an oblique orientation: the upper pole tilts anterolaterally and the lower pole posteromedially. Typically, the left testis hangs lower than the right.

What are the coverings of the testis?

The testis has three main coverings: Tunica vaginalis (a serous sac), Tunica albuginea (a dense fibrous capsule), and Tunica vasculosa (a vascular layer inside).

What is the blood supply to the testis?

Arterial supply comes from the testicular artery, a branch of the abdominal aorta. Venous drainage involves the pampiniform plexus, which forms the testicular veins: the right drains into the IVC, and the left into the left renal vein.

What is a varicocele and why is it more common on the left side?

A varicocele is a dilated pampiniform plexus of veins, often left-sided due to the left testicular vein draining into the left renal vein at a right angle, potential compression by the sigmoid colon, or possible obstruction from a renal tumor.

A hydrocele is an accumulation of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis, which can occur after inflammation or idiopathically, and is often treated by aspiration.

Where does lymphatic drainage from the testis go?

Lymphatic vessels drain to pre-aortic and para-aortic lymph nodes at the L2 level, reflecting the testis's developmental origin from the posterior abdominal wall.

Testis – Structure, Vessels & Clinical Notes

❓ Frequently Asked Questions