What are the layers covering the thoracic wall from superficial to deep?

The thoracic wall is covered by three main layers: skin (thin anteriorly and thick posteriorly), superficial fascia (denser posteriorly and contains the breast), and deep fascia (thin and poorly defined to permit mobility during respiration).

Which nerves supply the skin of the anterior thoracic wall?

The anterior thoracic wall skin is supplied by the anterior primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves: T2 to T6 in bands from the 2nd rib to the xiphoid process, and C4 via supraclavicular nerves above the 2nd rib.

How is the posterior thoracic wall innervated?

The posterior thoracic wall skin is supplied by the posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves, innervating an area approximately 5 cm lateral to the midline.

What muscles cover the thoracic wall?

The thoracic wall is covered by extrinsic muscles from the upper limb (e.g., pectoralis major, serratus anterior), abdomen (e.g., rectus abdominis), and back (e.g., trapezius, erector spinae). Most areas are covered except the median lines.

What is the triangle of auscultation and why is it important?

The triangle of auscultation is a region on the back with thinner musculature, providing access for auscultation, such as listening to breathing sounds.

How does the superficial fascia differ between the anterior and posterior thoracic wall?

The superficial fascia is denser posteriorly to support pressure in the supine position, and it contains the breast, with variations between males and females.

Thoracic Wall Layers – Skin, Fascia & Muscle Coverings