What is the scapula and where is it located?

The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a large, flat, triangular bone located on the upper back, lying against the 2nd to 7th ribs. It forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle and serves as a key attachment point for muscles and joints of the upper limb.

What are the main functions of the scapula?

The scapula provides a broad surface for muscular attachment to support upper limb mobility and posture, forms joints with the clavicle and humerus to enable arm movements, and acts as a stable base for arm rotation and elevation.

Which joints does the scapula form?

The scapula forms the acromioclavicular joint with the clavicle and the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint with the humerus, enabling arm movement.

What are the key bony landmarks of the scapula?

Key bony landmarks include three angles (superior, inferior, lateral), three borders (superior, medial, lateral), two surfaces (costal and dorsal), and processes like the spine, acromion, and coracoid process.

Which muscles attach to the scapula?

Muscles attaching to the scapula include subscapularis, serratus anterior, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, latissimus dorsi, trapezius, deltoid, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and pectoralis minor.

How do you determine the side of a scapula?

To determine the side, hold the scapula with the glenoid cavity facing laterally and slightly forward/upward, the coracoid process pointing anteriorly, and the spine facing posteriorly.

What is a common clinical condition associated with the scapula?

A common clinical condition is Sprengel's Deformity, a congenital disorder where the scapula fails to descend from the neck to the upper back, potentially requiring surgery that risks brachial plexus injury.

How does the scapula ossify?

The scapula ossifies through endochondral ossification with one primary center appearing in the 8th week of intrauterine life and seven secondary centers that fuse by around 20 years.

Scapula Anatomy – Landmarks, Borders & Muscle Attachments

❓ Frequently Asked Questions