Pelvis & Perineum Anatomy Hub
A structured, exam-oriented exploration of the anatomy of the pelvis, perineum, and pelvic organs.
Pelvis & Perineum Anatomy Hub
Bones
Osseous framework of the pelvis including sacrum, coccyx, and bony pelvis.
Sacrum – Anatomy, Foramina & Articulations
An overview of the sacrum, the large triangular bone formed by five fused vertebrae, detailing its surfaces, alae, sacral canal, and sacroiliac joint articulation.
Coccyx (Tailbone) – Anatomy, Attachments & Pain
An overview of the coccyx, the vestigial tailbone, detailing its fused vertebrae, ligamentous attachments, and its clinical relevance in coccydynia (tailbone pain).
Bony Pelvis – Structure, Joints & Sex Differences
An overview of the bony pelvis, its composition (hip bones, sacrum, coccyx), key joints (sacroiliac, pubic symphysis), and the critical sex differences.
Muscles
Muscles of the pelvic walls and pelvic floor.
Nerves
Somatic and autonomic nerves supplying pelvic and perineal structures.
Arteries & Veins
Arterial supply and venous drainage of the true pelvis.
Lymphatics
Lymphatic drainage of pelvic organs and walls.
Fascia
Pelvic diaphragm and fascial organization of the pelvis.
Pelvic Wall & Cavity
Pelvic walls, cavity, and peritoneal reflections.
Pelvis – Joints, Ligaments & Obstetric Types
A comprehensive overview of the bony pelvis, including its joints, stabilizing ligaments (sacrospinous, sacrotuberous), and the four obstetric pelvic types.
Pelvic Walls – Bony and Muscular Anatomy
An overview of the structures forming the pelvic walls, including the sacrum and hip bones, as well as the piriformis and obturator internus muscles.
Pelvic Peritoneum – Rectovesical & Rectouterine Pouches
An overview of how the peritoneum drapes over pelvic organs, forming the rectovesical pouch in males and the rectouterine pouch (of Douglas) in females.
Perineum
Perineal region including urogenital and anal triangles.
Perineum – Urogenital vs Anal Triangle Anatomy
An overview of the perineum, the diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into the anterior urogenital triangle and the posterior anal triangle.
Urogenital Triangle – Pouches, Membrane & Perineal Body
An overview of the urogenital triangle, detailing its superficial and deep perineal pouches, the perineal membrane, and the clinically vital perineal body.
Anal Triangle – Ischioanal Fossa & Pudendal Canal
An overview of the anal triangle, featuring the fat-filled ischiorectal fossa, the anal canal, and the pudendal canal (Alcock's canal) containing the pudendal nerve.
Male Reproductive Organs
Male reproductive organs within the pelvis and perineum.
Male Genital Organs – External vs Internal Anatomy
An overview of the male genital organs, categorized into the external genitalia (penis and scrotum) and the internal reproductive structures (testes, ducts, glands).
Scrotum – Layers, Fascia & Thermoregulation
An overview of the scrotum, the cutaneous sac housing the testes, detailing its layers (including the dartos muscle) and its role in testicular temperature regulation.
Testis – Structure, Vessels & Clinical Notes
An overview of the testis, the male gonad, covering its structure (seminiferous tubules), tunics, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, and clinical conditions.
Epididymis – Parts, Function & Sperm Maturation
An overview of the epididymis, the comma-shaped duct on the testis, detailing its head, body, and tail, and its crucial function in sperm maturation and storage.
Testis Descent – Development & Anomalies
An overview of the embryological development of the testis and epididymis, covering their descent from the abdomen and clinical anomalies like cryptorchidism.
Female Reproductive Organs
Female reproductive organs and pelvic anatomy.
Ovary Anatomy – Location, Blood Supply & Function
An overview of the ovaries, the female gonads, covering their location in the ovarian fossa, structure, dual blood supply, and role in ovulation and hormone production.
Uterine Tube – Parts & Ectopic Pregnancy
An overview of the uterine tube, detailing its parts (infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus), role in fertilization, and the clinical risk of salpingitis and ectopic pregnancy.
Uterus – Anatomy, Ligaments, Support & Prolapse
A comprehensive guide to the uterus, covering its anteverted/anteflexed position, ligaments (broad, round), supports, and clinical relevance in prolapse and fibroids.
Vagina – Anatomy, Relations, Fornices & Exam
An overview of the vagina, the fibromuscular canal, detailing its structure, relations to the bladder and rectum, fornices, and its clinical role in examination.
Vulva – Labia, Clitoris, Vestibule & Glands
An overview of the female external genitalia (vulva), including the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, and the vestibule with its associated glands.
Urinary System
Urinary bladder, urethra, and pelvic urinary anatomy.
Urinary Bladder – Anatomy, Trigone & Clinical
A detailed look at the urinary bladder, a muscular reservoir for urine, covering its location, shape, trigone, and clinical conditions like cystitis and urachal anomalies.
Urethra – Male vs Female Parts & Sphincters
An overview of the male (prostatic, membranous, spongy) and female urethra, detailing their parts, sphincters, and clinical considerations like catheterization.
Digestive System
Rectum and anal canal anatomy within the pelvis.
Rectum – Curvatures, Houston Valves & Support
A comprehensive guide to the rectum, the terminal part of the large intestine, detailing its sacral and perineal curvatures, valves of Houston, and supports.
Anal Canal – Pectinate Line, Sphincters & Hemorrhoids
A detailed guide to the anal canal, its division by the pectinate line, internal and external sphincters, and the clinical relevance of hemorrhoids and fissures.